X-Ray LaserX-RAY LASER

Plasma cylinder (red) created by the impact of a high power pulsed laser (blue). No mirrors are used, gain is achieved by amplified spontaneous emission and a beam emerges both in the forward and reverse directions. (Matthews and Rosen 1985, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)

The target is made of a thin foil of selenium or other element of high atomic number deposited on a vinyl substrate to give it rigidity. The target is irradiated from both sides with a pair of laser pulses from a high power pump laser whose focus is several hundred times longer than it is wide. When it strikes, the foil 'explodes' producing a plasma consisting of selenium ions stripped of 24 electrons. The resulting ion has a very high charge, the energy difference of the outer electrons scales as Z squared (Z=ion charge) this leads to very short wavelength x-ray transitions.

Since spontaneous decay rates scale as Z to the fourth power, the pump must supply 1,000 times as much energy and deliver it 10,000 times faster than an optical laser. The solution to this problem may be low Z-ions : It may not be necessary to strip away most of the electrons from a high atomic number element, less drastic means of x-ray lasing can be achieved by using other x-ray transitions such as core electrons, which are not shielded by the outer electrons and feel the full force of the nuclear charge. Also, promising results are obtained from strong x-ray transitions in core electrons of atomic microclusters (research by Rhodes et al., 1994)

Currently the efficiency of these laser schemes is very low because most are based on collisional excitation. Much higher efficiency can be achieved by rapid cooling, leading to three body recombination pumping of a highly ionized plasma. A hybrid scheme involving contact-cooling and adiabatic expansion seems to show the most promise.

There is another promising possibility based on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) to dramatically reduce pump power requirements and obtain highly efficient Lasing Without Inversion (also known as phaseonium lasers or phasers).

PRACTICAL USES OF X-RAY LASERS

The following is a literature survey on the practical engineering applications of x-ray lasers.

The coherent ultra-short wavelengths would be the only practical way to manufacturing nanometer scale structures required in the fields of quantum-electronics and for construction of nanometer sized robots (nanides). These lasers could also be the only conceivable way to make holograms of complicated bio-molecules while they are still within a living cell. And the promise of x-ray lasers for inertial confinement fusion holds the promise of unlimited energy for humanity.

a) Nano-Electronics

The circuits required for quantum-electronics are much smaller than current semiconductor technology. These devices hold the potential of operating with insignificant dissipation by using properties of electrons confined to ultra-small cavities of the order of the wavelength of the electron, taking advantage of wavefunction quantization. Present day semiconductor VLSI manufacturing technology considers this quantum wavefunction overlap as an impediment to the 'quasi-classical' electron-fluid approximation. This outdated approach severely limits the minimum size of circuit elements before the noise attributed to the 'tunneling' of electrons from nearby components causes irretrievable signal loss.

Instead of fighting this purely quantum effect, why not take advantage of it by shifting the emphasis away from the classical conception of an electron-fluid towards the more 'natural' and powerful quantum concept. Computers based on nano-electronics would be ultra-dense, hyper-fast and superconducting; priceless attributes for a world starving for table-top giga-flops and giga-bits for micro-dollars.

b) Nanotechnology Robots

The high spatial resolution of x-ray lasers could be used to shape parts for nanometer scale robots. These 'nanides' would revolutionize industry and medicine. In manufacturing technology they could be programmed to fabricate anything merely by providing them with enough raw materials in a water based medium. They could build entire personal computers inside something that looks like a jug of milky liquid ! They could even be programmed to reproduce themselves in case more are needed. In medicine they could be programmed to perform nano-surgical repairs anywhere within a living host.

c) Bio-Holography

The coherence and short wavelength of pulsed x-ray lasers could be used to make holographic snapshots of single bio-molecules within the living cell. This would allow microbiologists the unprecedented freedom to examine complicated and fragile organic molecules in their natural environment, while they still reside within living cells. Under suitable conditions these molecules could even be 'caught in the act' of important chemical changes during their normal functioning.

No longer would there be a need for the long a laborious task of isolating, purifying and growing perfect crystals on the space shuttle etc ... Most of the larger bio-molecules change their shape when removed from their natural watery environment, or when they are removed from the cell walls. During the purification process, vital information about their functioning and geometrical location and configuration within the living cell is lost.

All these problems are eliminated with x-ray holography. The wavelength is tuned within the water window where the discontinuous absorption coefficient allows the x-rays to pass relatively unimpeded compared to other atomic components of bio-molecules such as carbon. The beam could pass through a relatively thin layer of water containing the cell. Various cellular components could be imaged simultaneously in three dimensions during the holographic snapshot. The cell would most probably be irretrievably damaged after the exposure, however the vital structural information would be permanently recorded in the hologram before this occurred.

The only other technology at present which comes close to this 'real-time' capability is magnetic resonance spectroscopy, however its ability to determine the exact geometrical structures and positions of bio-molecules within living cells is somewhat indirect and speculative.

The capability of directly imaging living bio-molecules would allow tremendous advances to be made in genetics and other areas.

Astronomy

Recent spectra from the ASCA x-ray astronomy mission reveals an x-ray laser is operating in quasars PKS 0637-752. This remarkable evidence provides strong support for the laser star theory : Strong population inversions in stellar atmospheres can occur at any wavelength from microwave through optical and x-ray.

Web References

  1. Varshni, Y.P. : 1999, Bull.Amer.Phys.Soc., April 1999 Evidence for possible laser action in an x-ray line in the quasar PKS 0637-752
  2. X-Ray Lasers : Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Collisional pumping)
  3. Design and applications of laser-plasma x-ray lasers : An X-Ray Laser Network, European Commission and 7 laboratories in France, Germany and United Kingdom.
  4. Ulf Litzén*,U., Persson,A., Starczewski,T., Steingruber,J., Svanberg,S. Wahlström, C.: 1996, Division of Atomic Physics, Lund Institute of Technology (LTH) . X-ray laser related investigations
  5. Colorado State University (CSU) : x-ray laser at 469 Å in a plasma generated by a compact electrical discharge
  6. Laser-plasma simulation code: MED103 (useful for computing gain in a recombining plasma x-ray laser)
  7. Power Viewwing , Planet Science.
  8. Hively,W.: 1995, Discover Magazine, 'X-ray Dreams' (July)
  9. Atomic and Molecular Physics team Rhodes,C.K., et al.: 1994, X-Ray lasers based on Xenon microclusters pumped by photon excitations (see also McPherson's page at Univ. of Illinois, Chicago)
  10. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - Discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895
  11. X-ray optics and microscopy at Stony Brook
  12. X-ray Holography Group -- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  13. Molecular Structure Laboratory - SUNY Stony Brook
  14. Hard X-ray microscopy (NASA)
  15. National Ignition Facility, NIF (Livermore)
  16. X-ray research
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  33. Proceedings of the SPIE, (Soc.Photo.opt.Instr.Eng.), 1551 (1992).
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  40. Groups
  41. Recombination lasers : H-like (Balmer 3d-2p line, He II) and Li-like (nf-3d line, C IV, N V, O VI), He-like (He I, C III, N IV, O V)

REFERENCES

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