No Redshifts in Galaxies Either

Varshni,Y.P: 1988, Bull.Amer.Astron.Soc., 20, 1003.

Over the course of years, we have examined, scrutinized and analyzed the available data on the redshifts of many galaxies, especially the spectral data. We find that there is no need of assuming any redshifts in galaxies also, as was the case for quasars (Varshni 1973, 1974a, 1974b, 1975, 1979, 1988) and radio galaxies (Varshni, 1979). Small redshifts ( z < 0.003 ), like those in galactic stars, are, of course, possible. There are, of course genuine external galaxies (e.g., Andromeda, M33, etc .) but it appears that many of the objects labelled as galaxies are in reality nebulosities in our own galaxy. As an example we consider the case of 1305+2952 G8. A strong emission line at 7230 Å has been reported in this object and this line has been interpreted as [O II] 3727 Å at a 'redshift' of 0.943. Actually the line is readily identified to be C II 7231, 7236 Å (mult.3) which is undergoing laser action. Thus the object in question is a galactic object. Our conclusion of 'no redshifts' readily explains the following: (a) The large scatter of points for 'galaxies' on the (m, z) diagram (see plot below). (Lang et al.: 1975, Ap.J., 202, 583) (b) Discordant 'redshifts' and other related things (Arp, 1987, Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies). It also eliminates the need of assuming a hypothetical 'missing mass'. There is a great need of better spectral data for many galaxies.

Galaxy Radial Velocity (z) versus Apparent Magnitude (m)

This plot is taken from Lang et al. (1975), they used data from the 'Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies' (de Vaucouleurs et al., 1964). There is a high resolution PostScript version of this plot. The above plot was created with Cat's eye.

After a reasonably large sample of quasars had been collected, Hoyle and Burbidge (1966) and Hoyle (1972) argued that the scatter in their Hubble diagram precluded any test of the cosmological origin of quasars. In fact the apparent lack of a quasar redshift-magnitude correlation led Burbidge to make the following statement : Lang et al. (1975) show that the uncertainty in the slope of the Hubble diagram for quasars is comparable to that obtained for normal galaxies. Therefore the statement made by Burbidge also applies to galaxies : The galaxy redshift versus apparent magnitude is merely a scatter diagram devoid of any physical significance. : Since the time of Hubble astronomers have made an inumerable amount of corrections to this data. Quantitatively speaking, these manipulations are poorly documented and amount to cooking the data to improve agreement with theory.

(*) Note: Burbidge's quote implies that Hubble believed in an expanding universe. This is not strictly true : Hubble never believed that the universe was expanding only that galaxy radial velocity was linearly correlated with distance. We have demonstrated that even this is not true.

References

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