High Power Pulsed Lasers

• Bibliography of short pulse laser-plasma interactions

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Location	Power	Comment
Petawatt
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [ Directions ] [ Map ] [ Building ] [ Satellite ]	660 J, 440 fs, 1.5 petawatt 1021 W m-2 58 cm diameter beam Ti:Sapphire oscillator (CPA) Nd phosphate glass power amplifier	Diagram 74 cm CPA gold compressor gratings in a 3 ´ 11 m vacuum chamber Outside CPA vacuum chamber Mike Perry (left), head of the project, and Charles Townes, Nobel Laureate and inventor of the laser Engineer Gerald Britten examines a CPA diffraction grating (1480 lines/in, 94 % efficient). Diagram of regenerative amplifier and power amplifier (from Photonics Online March, 1999 Fast Ignitor Laser induced nuclear reactions Perry, et. al.: 1999, Optics Letters 24, 160
NOVA
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Nova Operations Control Room 1302, Building 391, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550 [ Directions ] [ Map ] [ Building ] [ Satellite ]	100 kJ, 20 ps to 1 ns, 120 TW 10 beams of 74 cm diameter 1017 W cm-2 527 nm, 351 nm (large KDP crystals) Dismantled in 1999	Nd:glass NOVA Tour User guide 10 meter diameter target chamber (with two technicians) (from photo archive) A technician inside target chamber, designed to hold a vacuum for much of its working life span. (from photo archive) Amplifiers (from photo archive) Target chamber with deuterium laser-shock and compression experiment (from March 1999 Science and Technology Review) chamber (from Sept 1998 Science and Technology Review) Diagram (from Experiment on NOVA Sept 1997 Science and Technology Review) inside target chamber and 1.6 mm target explodes (1 ns, 20 kJ, 351 nm). Creates x-ray ablation and target debris (beam dump damage is in the shape of the target shadow). (from University of California, Berkeley, ICF) Exploding target (notice again, target shaped shadow on beam dump) (from APS Centennial Meeting) Photo of GMXI (upper right), GXI-3 (bottom), FABSI (middle left) from LANL P-24 Diagnostics and Optical Science Team TION (Ion Temperature Diagnostic) and detector configuration on NOVA from diagnostics page R. E. Chrien,R.E., Harris,D.B., Cable,M.D., Nelson,M.B., Simmons,D.F., Holmberg,D.L.: 1993, ICF Quarterly, 3 (2), 97. Neutron time-of-flight ion temperature diagnostic for Nova. (UCRL-LR-105821-93-2) LAPC Los Alamos Pinhole Camera from diagnostics page Oertel, J.A., Peterson, C.G. : 1997, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 786. Los Alamos pinhole camera (LAPC): A new flexible x-ray pinhole camera GXI-2 Gated X-ray Imager 2 from diagnostics page GXI-3 (Gated X-ray Imager 3) from diagnostics page FABSI Full Aperture Backscatter Station with Imaging from diagnostics page How to Get and Display NOVA 8XCCD Camera Data How to obtain Monitor/Fiducial traces from NOVA Sims using the PROCSIM routine in IDL to look at the TDS Kilkenny, J.D.: 1992, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 63, No. 10. "Recent Diagnostic Developments at Nova" - description of the complete Nova diagnostic suite
NIF
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [ Map ] [ Directions ] [ Building ] [ Tourist ] [ Satellite ]	1.8 MJ 192 beams	Diagram image map (HTML) 2 ´ 2 ´ 4 amplifier cassette unit : Cross section diagram, handles 8 beams in parallel Prototype Image of cassette during a shot GIF animation of flashlamps pumping of cassette PDF photo of cassette being loaded (pdf) on page 17, Laser Programs Highlights 1997 Platinum-free Nd phosphate glass amplifier slabs 40 ´ 80 cm slabs (each beamline contains eighteen Brewster angled slabs) Slabs emerging from the continuous melting assembly line Slab from Schott Optical Glass continuous melter meets the 1-micron absorption specification. (from ICF Program Monthly Highlights, April 1998 Target chamber : Diagram Another diagram (from physics news) Image, 190 holes, 11 cm thick aluminum alloy 5083-0, 10 meter 118,000 kilogram (see Sep 1999 Science and Technology Review) Two configurations (see Aug 1999 Science and Technology Review) TRXI, Time Resolved X-Ray Imager (from diagnostic page) Building Artist impression June 1999 aerial photo (from construction progress page) July 1998 aerial photo (from ICF Program Monthly Highlights, July 1998 November 1997 aerial photo (from ICF Program Monthly Highlights, Nov 1997 Plasma electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) Polarization switch for multipass amplification and parasitic oscillation suppression image is from ICF Program Monthly Highlights, March 1998) Another view Larger image, plasma discharge spans across two apertures Mechanical prototype shown hanging from mock-up section of NIF periscope structure. Diagram (from PEPC group) Adjusting spatial-filter telescopes in preamplifier module prototype (PAM) (from ICF Program Monthly Highlights, Aug 1998) Laser timing chart (from Nov 1998 Science and Technology Review) Control systems (from Nov 1998 Science and Technology Review) NIF Components : March 1998 Science and Technology Review Diagram of NIF optical path Natalia Zaitseva opposite a DKDP frequency doubling crystal grown in 6 weeks. (from photo archive) Deterated potassium dihydrogen phophate crytal, 52 ´ 53 cm2 laterally and 51 cm tall, will yield 17 conversion plates. (from ICF Program Monthly Highlights, Oct 1998 Beamlet : A prototype of one of the 192 NIF lasers (in LLNL high bay Bldg. 381). Moved to Sandia, Albuquerque (Oct. 1998). A color view of Beamlet (from ICF Program Monthly Highlights, July 1998 32 cm PEPC 1992 prototype of PEPC 37 cm PEPC used on Beamlet Another view of Beamlet (pdf) (see page 3, figure 3, NIF News II, March 1995) ICF Quarterly Reports, Special Issue Beamlet Project : Van Wonterghem et al. : System description and initial performance results for Beamlet (pdf) Rhodes, et al. : Design and Performance of the Beamlet Optical Switch (pdf) Erlandson, et al. : Design and Performance of the Beamlet Amplifiers (pdf) Larson : Beamlet Pulsed-Power System (for flashlamps) (pdf) Campbell, et al. : Large-Aperture, High-Damage-Threshold Optics for Beamlet (pdf) Van Wonterghem, et al. : Beamlet Pulse-Generation and Wavefront-Control System (pdf) NIF Diagram (pdf) (see page 3, figure 3, NIF News, May 1997) ICF Quarterly Reports
COMET
COMET = compact multipulse terawatt Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [ Map ] [ Tourist ] [ Satellite ]	5 J, 5 ns 5 J, 1 ps, 0.0017 Hz	-Laser and target chamber model (from X-Ray lasers ; Sept 1998 Science and Technology Review) -Pictures of previous LLNL lasers : (page 1, NIF News, May 1997) (see also higher resolution grey images) Janus (1974), Argus (1976), Shiva (1977), Novette (1983), Nova (1984), Beamlet (1994)
MERCURY
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [ Tourist ] [ Satellite ]	100 J, 5 ns, 1050 nm, 10 Hz 10 % efficiency (DPSSL)	-Scale model -Diode pumped solid state lasers (Beyond NIF) (from Sept 1996 Science and Technology Review) -PDF diagram of laser and Yb:S-FAP crystal (pdf) on page 21, Laser Programs Highlights 1997
NIKE
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Building 71, Plasma Physics Division 4555 Overlook Ave. S.W. Washington, DC 20375 [ Map ] [ Satelite ] [ Directions ] [ Campus ]	5 kJ, 4 ns, 1.25 TW, 250 nm 56 beam, ultra-uniform laser illumination Kr + F + Ar excited by two opposing 670 kV electron beams	Schematic showing Final and largest amplifier (double pass). On either side of cell, four transmission lines drive electron beams guided by two large black 4 kG electromagnets. Beams are powered by Marx banks. In this photo, the right hand side of the system has been rolled back to display the electron beam emitter and the high voltage vacuum insulators. (see also) Another view of 60 ´ 60 cm2 amplifier cell. Final mirror and lens array direct laser beams onto target (see also) The Propagation Bay is a 155-ft long insulated room. The temperature throughout can be held uniform to within a half degree Fahrenheit. Charcoal filters eliminate the UV absorbing gases.
Pharos III
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Plasma Physics Division 4555 Overlook Ave. S.W. Washington, DC 20375 [ Map ] [ Satelite ] [ Directions ] [ Campus ]	1.5 kJ, 5 TW Nd-laser	Amplifiers Map
NRL T3 Laser
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Plasma Physics Division 4555 Overlook Ave. S.W. Washington, DC 20375 [ Map ] [ Satelite ] [ Directions ] [ Campus ]	1 J, 400 fs, 2.5 TW, 1054 nm 3 ´ 1018 W cm-2	Experiment: High energy electrons acceleration (see Moore, et al. : 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 1688.) Optical Table
PALS ASTERIX IV
Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP), Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR) contact: P.O.Box 17 Za Slovankou 3 182 21 Prague 8 phone: (++420)-(2)-6605 2052, 6605 1111 fax: (++420)-(2)-858 6389 E-mail [ Map ] [ Building ]	1.2 kJ, 100-500 ps, 3 TW, 0.00083 Hz 100 J (two smaller beams) 1.315 µm Iodine laser Power limited by damage threshold of antireflective coatings of polarizers in Faraday rotator and self-focusing in the glass windows of the amplifiers	PALS was formerly called ASTERIX IV and was located at Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics (MPQ) in Garching, Germany. It moved to Czechoslovakia and was renamed PALS (Prague Asterix Laser System). Schematic Detailed Schematic target chamber (from target facilities) Schematic of amplifier gas flow (Ar + C3F7I which is photoionized) Schematic of 30 kV Xe flashlamps, 10 µs, 250-300 nm UV Oscillator and pulse selection system, with Pockels cells in center (see theory) First vacuum spatial filter, beam expands from 8 to 22 mm. (see theory) Output end of first power amplifier (double passed) (see theory) Second spatial filter, 22 to 45 mm expansion. Relay mirror on left sends beam toward next amplifier. Output end of second amplifier, 2.7 m. White tubes leading to the room below re-supply the laser medium after each shot. Third spatial filter, 45 to 90 mm expansion  Output end of third amplifier, 3.24 m Faraday rotator, between third and fourth amplifier. Box-like object on left is polarizer mount; coil generating the longitudinal magnetic field is downstream on right Forth spatial filter, 90 to 148 mm expansion Input end of fourth amplifier, 6.48 m. Black cables carry high voltage from capacitor banks (underneath) to six flashlamp sections. (see also) Fifth spatial filter, 148 to 290 mm expansion Fifth amplifier, 8.64 m. It is composed of eight sections each more than one meter long. The inner quartz tube contains Ar + C3F7I gas pressurized to three atmospheres (see also Dr. Josef Krása of the IPP). MPQ photo before the move laser support rails (I-beams) (Prague) basement for capacitor banks (Prague)
ATLAS
MPQ, Darmstadt, Germany	300 mJ, 130 fs, 10 Hz, 790 nm, 1018 W cm-2 1 J, 130 fs, 10 Hz, 1019 W cm-2 4 J, 0.0017 Hz 10 fs, 1 kHz	Schematic of Ti:sapphire laser
PHELIX
PHELIX = Petawatt High Energy Laser for Heavy Ion Experiments Lasers and Laser spectroscopy, Atomic Physics, at Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI) Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany Tel: 6159-71 0 Fax: 6159-71 2785 [ Building ] [ Map ] [ Directions ]	1 kJ, 1-10 ns, 1 hour repetition rate 500 J, < 500 fs, 1 hour repetition rate	Schematic fs front-end diagram (pdf) Location of PHELIX in accelerator building (pdf) logo (from Jobs at GSI) in collaboration with Plasma Physics department of GSI Max-Born-Institute in Berlin Lasers Directorate at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California. TU-Darmstadt Uni Jena LMU München MPQ in Garching.
MBI Nd:glass
High Field Lasers, Max Born Institute part of Cluster of European Large Scale Laser Installations Rudower Chaussee 6, P.O.Box 12489, Berlin, Germany Tel:+49-30-6392 1301 Fax:+49-30-6392 1309 [ Map ]	1053 nm 8 J, 700 fs, 10 TW, 2 beams 10 J, 1.5 ns, 2 beams 10 mJ, 150 fs, 10 Hz, third beam CPA Ti:Sapphire oscillator and regenerative amplifier Nd:glass power amplifier Will use diode pumping in near future	Image (at top) Amplifiers are red boxes Spatial filters are white tubes
MBI Ti:Sa
High Field Lasers, Max Born Institute part of Cluster of European Large Scale Laser Installations	35 fs, 300 mJ, 10 TW, 10 Hz 30 fs, 750 mJ, 25 TW (July 1999) 3 J, 100 TW (December 2000) about 1019 W cm-2 CPA Ti:Sapphire 800 nm	Image Laser (bottom left) Pulse compressor in vacuum chamber (bottom right)
Phébus
CEA Limeil-Valenton	20 kJ, 1 ns, 1060 nm 5 kJ, 1 ns, 350 nm 1015 W cm-2	Nd:glass
TRIDENT
Los Alamos ICF and Radiation Physics, Bldg 125, TA-35 (Ten site) Pecos drive Los Alamos National Laboratory P-24 Plasma Physics Group, Mail Stop E526 Los Alamos, NM 87545 [ Map ] Tel: (505) 667-1957 Fax: (505) 665-1599 E-mail:Samuel A. Letzring (Team Leader)	50 J, 80-2100 ps, 527 nm 250 J, 1 ns, 527 nm, 2 beam 20 J, 80-2100 ps, 527 nm 40 J, 1 ns, 527 nm 1 J, 0.320 ps, 1054 nm 45 minutes shot interval	March 2, 1998 Nd:YLF master oscillator Schematic two power amplifier chains feature 10- and 14-cm-aperture Nd:glass disk amplifiers (green boxes) and a fully enclosed beam transport system (blue vacuum spatial filters and transport tubes). Target chamber (outside) Target chamber (inside) Target chamber during shot from 'What is Fusion' Spectrum of SBS streaked in time from Laser-Plasma Instabilities GXI-T Gated X-ray Imager T from diagnostic page RSXS Russian Soft X-ray Spectrometer from diagnostics page Useful Web pages for determining X-ray emission and absorption for experimental ICF design. from references LBL Center for X-Ray Optics page for X-ray Interactions with Matter NIST data holdings for spectroscopy (periodic table input format) Wavelengths and Vacuum Intensities of UV and X-ray radiation. Databases for Atomic and Plasma Physics compiled by Weizmann Institute : 1995, Applied Optics 34, p.?? (description of TRIDENT) : 1995, Proc. SPIE, volume 2377, describes the ultrahigh-irradiance capabilities of the system Maps map (Technical area locations) TA-35 (Ten site) Pecos drive CALIOPE Bldg 124 Anteres Target Hall Bldg 125 Laser Bldg Bldg 127 Bldg 128 Physics/Laser Lab Bldg 86 The P-24 Group Office and most of the group is located here Bldg 85 Mercury Laser Facility Bldg 294 Laser power supply building TA-46 (WA site) Bldg 41 Laser Isotope Support Fac. Bldg 42 Laser Support Fac Bldg 75 Laser/Machine Shop Bldg 154 Laser Isotope Enrich. Fac. Bldg 158 Laser Induced Chemistry Lab
OMEGA
The Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), University of Rochester, 250 Eeast River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-1212. Tel: (716) 275-5101 Fax: (716) 275-5960 Email [ Building ] [ Directions ] [ Map ]	40 kJ, 700 ps, 60 TW 60 beam system 1 mm spot size	Schematics User Guide Target Chamber with 12 kJ laser pulse -Target bay (view from above) (from June 1999 Science and Technology Review) -X-ray imager on target chamber (from June 1999 Science and Technology Review) Target chamber closeup (same as above) Experiment : direct drive cylindrical explosion Gated Monochromatic X-ray Imager (GMXI) Diagram of GMXI module and 24 in diagnostic port located on port H-9 on Southeast side of target chamber from GMXI (Gated Monochromatic X-ray Imager; grazing incidence KB microscope and Bragg crystals)
DDL
The Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), University of Rochester, 250 Eeast River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-1212. Tel: (716) 275-5101 Fax: (716) 275-5960 Email [ Building ] [ Directions ] [ Map ]	1 TW
ISKRA-4
RFNC VNIIEF Russian Federal Nuclear Center All Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics	10 TW, single shot iodine photodissociation operational 1979
ISKRA-5
RFNC VNIIEF Russian Federal Nuclear Center All Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics	100 TW, 12 beam operational 1989 Europe's largest laser at the time	amplifier image
T6 (PW-M laser)
Table top Ten TW Tunable Ten hertz Ti-sapphire laser Institute for Laser Engineering (ILE), Osaka, Japan
Kongoh
Institute for Laser Engineering (ILE), Osaka, Japan	92 beams 300 kJ, 3 ns
Gekko XII
Institute for Laser Engineering (ILE), Osaka, Japan	12 beam glass laser 30 kJ, 100 ps	Sound of laser firing
ASTRA
Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory	10 mJ, 50 fs, 0.2 TW, 800 nm, 10 Hz Ti:Sapphire, CPA	Schematics Target chamber Phase I experiment smaller JPG image of ASTRA target area
VULCAN
Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory contact: CLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK OX11 0QX phone: +44 1235 821900 fax: +44 1235 445808 [ Map ] [ Directions ] [ Building ]	1 ns, 2.6 kJ, 2.6 TW, 1054 nm < 1 ps, 100 TW, 1054 nm 1 kJ, 527 nm Nd:glass disk amplifier	Output stages (see close-up) Broad bandwidth pre-amplifier (Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification, OPCPA) Peter Hatton beside ultra-short pulse interaction chamber, beam is 3 times diffraction limited, 10 micron focus spot (from facilities at CLF) PhD student J Lin (Univ. of Essex) beside ultra-short pulse interaction chamber 200 TW, 1020 W cm-2, subpicosecond. Road map Road map (higher up) A2B Travel map
TITANIA
Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory	2.5 J, 250 fs, 10 TW, 1020 W cm-2	image e-beam pumped KrF excimer laser April 1997 (SPRITE upgrade)
LULI
Laboratoire Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), UMR 7605 CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex Tel: 33 1 69 33 41 12 Fax:33 1 69 33 30 09 E-mail [ Building ] [ Campus ] [ Directions ] [ Map ]	30 J, 300 fs, 100 TW peak 50 J, 450 ps, 100 GW peak	6 beam CICLAS amplifier image Schematics Ti:Sapphire oscillator and preamplifier image Multi-glass amplifier chain image 90 mm amplifiers, also view2 or view3 Phosphate disk amplifier image (by Rutherford Appleton Lab.) Target chamber and another view Inside target chamber Pulse compressor Train map, autoroute 118 or 86, see also Science centers map
LUND TW Laser
Lund Laser Center (LLC), Lund University P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden Professorsgatan 1, Lund Tel: +46-46-222 0178 Tel: +46-46-222 7650 Fax: +46-46-222 4250 [ Directions ] [ Building ] [ Campus ] [ Map ] [ City ]	500 mJ, 110 fs, 5 TW, 10 Hz soon: 1 J, 50 fs, 20 TW, 10 Hz Ti:Sapphire CPA, 760 - 840 nm two times diffraction limited spot	Air breakdown at laser focal point from 1994 annual report Maps of Lund Univ. LUND laser facilities building layout from basic atomic physics (93-94 Report Division of Atomic Physics, Lund Institute of Technology (LTH))
ALFA 1
Advanced Laser Facility, Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan 1006 IST Building (Institude of Science and Technology) 2200 Bonisteel Blvd. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA Tel: (734) 647-1701 Fax: (734) 763-4876 E-mail [ Building ] [ Campus ] [ Map ] [ Directions ]	50 mJ, 15 fs, 25 W average, 3 TW peak at 500 Hz 1.5 TW peak at 1 kHz	All diode pumped Schematics
ALFA 2
Advanced Laser Facility, Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan 1006 IST Building (Institude of Science and Technology) 2200 Bonisteel Blvd. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA Tel: (734) 647-1701 Fax: (734) 763-4876 E-mail [ Building ] [ Campus ] [ Map ] [ Directions ]	300 TW at 1 Hz	Schematics a laser ? (circa 1992) also another picture blue laser ? Door to T3 laser (Table Top Terwatts) Lab entrance Lab entrance back to the side
ABC
Frascati ICF Physics and Technology Laboratory contact: C. R. ENEA Frascati Via E. Fermi, 45- C.P. 65 00044 FRASCATI (ROMA) Fax: ++ 39 6 9400 5572 E-mail	100 J/beam, 2 ns, 50 GW 1054 nm, 527 nm (0.15 THz bandwidth) Nd phosphate glass 2 beam operational 1988	Laser on two long optical tables Target chamber Final optics, two arrays of negative square lenses with random thickness can be inserted to produce near-field ISI smoothing at the focus of the two F/1 aspherical lenses (large image) Diagram of beam geometry and target diagnostics
U3
U3 = Ultrafast, Ultra-powerful, Ultra-intense Wilson·Squier Group, University of California San Diego	30 fs, 850 mJ, 30 TW peak at 10 Hz 20 fs, 150 mJ, 8 TW peak at 20 Hz 18 fs, 100 mJ, 5 TW peak at 50 Hz (5 W average)	Image (close-up) Image
IOQ Jena Ti:Sa
IOQ Jena, Institut fur Optik und Quantenelektronik	100 fs, 240 mJ, 2.4 TW, 10 Hz, 795 nm	Continuum/Spectra Physics laser femtosecond oscillator Terawatt amplifier (broken link)
LABS II
Los Alamos Bright Source II, Ultra-High-Brightness, Ultra-High-Intensity Lasers	< 1 ps, 5 ´ 1018 W cm-2 500 V/Å	Applications: Highly efficient conversion of laser energy into x-ray line emission of ultrashort duration (< 5 ps) led to the production of the brightest keV x-ray source (1014 W cm-2) yet produced in the laboratory. Such sources can be used to pump a laboratory x-ray laser, to generate unusually strong shocks (> 1 Gbar), and to study radiation processes relevant to nuclear weapons x-ray emission mechanisms emission from highly stripped high-Z ions harmonic conversion x-ray production from solid targets development of an intense x-ray flashlamp
SLAC T3
Experiment 144 Collisions of 46.6 GeV Electrons with Intense Laser Pulses. SLAC 2575 Sand Hill Rd. Menlo Park, CA 94025 Tel: 650-926-2204 Fax: 650-926-4999 Email [ Map ] [ Satelite ] [ Directions ] [ Areal view ] [ Building ]	Nd:glass, CPA 0.5 Hz 2 J, 1.5 ps FWHM, 0.7 TW , 1053 nm, circularly polarized 1 J, 1.5 ps, 527 nm, 30 mm2 spot or 6 times diffraction limited for IR 10^18 W/cm2 or 50 mm2 or 2 times diffraction limited	schematic (from Barnber et al.: 1999, Phys. Rev. D, June 14., see also more detailed diagram (pdf)) Laser developed at Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics team representative Adrian Melissinos (LLE) Oscillator diagram showing electron beam synchronization timing system Target chamber. Laser beam enters from top left, comes down pipes on right, collides with electron beam in stainless steel box. Scattered electrons bend downwards, positrons bend upwards in string of magnets with purple ears. Wolfram Ragg is adjusting ECAL detector. Theo Kotseroglou is in background on left. (see also larger version Last optical table (see also larger version) third of 3 tables, slab amplifier (top center, but hard to see), anamorphic optics, vacuum spatial filters (black tube on left, blue tube on right) and large compression gratings (aluminum and gold objects just to right of center). Diagram of interaction region (from Ehrenstein, D.: 1997, Science 277, 1202) Electron beam intersects laser pulse, boosting photons to gamma energies and triggering an interaction that spawns particles. Animation of electron pulse colliding with laser pulse with creation of matter and antimatter. (from E144 Photo Gallery) Cartoon of white-lab-coated fellow transforming light into matter with the aid of a magician's hat. (from Nov. 1997, Photonics Spectra, p.31) Steps in the laser chain (Pessot, M., Maine, P., Mourou, G.: 1987, Opt. Comm. 62, 419.; Strickland,D., Mourou, G. : 1985, Opt. Comm. 55, 447.) mode-locked Nd:YLF oscillator synchronized to accelerator (Koffas,T., Melissinos, A.C.: E-144 Internal Note (Apr. 19, 1998)) Nd:glass regenerative amplifier two pass Ng:glass rod Nd:glass slab amplifier, 6 kJ flashlamps (Martin, W.S., Chernoch, J.P.: 1972, US Patent 3633126.; Shoup III, M.J., Kelley, J.H.: 1989, CLEO '89, Baltimore, MD.) Recircularization required after slabs because of 1 cm X 4 cm elliptical beaM SIZE two 1760-lines/mm, gold-coated, 160 X 220 mm holographic gratings used in the near-Littrow, double-pass configuration with a separation distance of 164 cm (Martinez, O.E.: 1987, IEEE J. Quan. Elec. QE-23, 59.) 4 mm or 8 mm thick Type II KDP doubling crystals, (45 % efficient doubling) (Craxton at al.: 1981, IEEE J. Quan. Elec. QE-17, 1782.) thicker crystals used at lower intensity (I < 30 GW cm-2) Circularly polarized with liquid crystal polarizer SLAC-R-529 July 1998, A Study of High Field Quantum Electrodynamics in the Collision of High Energy Electrons with a Terawatt Laser SLAC-PUB-7130 PicoSecond Timing of Terawatt Laser Pulses With the SLAC 46 GeV Electron Beam Building with FFTB in mid-foreground (mistake: image is inverted) (see also larger version) wider field of view of building Areal view of SLAC Directions (Stanford area) Directions (campus)
Toronto Terawatt Laser
University of Toronto	1 J, 1 ps, 1 TW, 0.03 Hz 5 ´ 1018 W cm-2	Diagram CPA description interaction chamber with Hg liquid target in Xe atmosphere and diagram of 109 nm extreme ultraviolet laser from short wavelength lasers

Efficiencies and power levels of lasers

Approximate magnitudes in some typical plasmas

• Bibliography of short pulse laser-plasma interactions

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Laser History